Oboist

Two musette players from the Cantigas de Santa Maria, 13th century

An oboist is a musician who plays the oboe or any oboe family instrument, including cor anglais, oboe d\'amore, shawm, and oboe musette.

The following is a list of notable professional oboists, with indications when they were/are known better for other professions in their own time. Oboists with an asterisk (*) have biographies in the online version of the "Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians"

Contents 1 Historical oboists 1.1 Baroque period 1600-1760 1.2 Classical period 1730-1820 1.3 Romantic period 1815-1910 1.4 20th Century (born before 1910 or died before 1990) 2 Contemporary classical oboists 2.1 A-B 2.2 C-E 2.3 F-H 2.4 I-L 2.5 M-P 2.6 R-S 2.7 T-Z 2.8 Oboists best known for playing English horn 2.9 Oboists best known for playing period instruments 3 Oboists performing primarily outside classical genres 3.1 As primary instrument 3.2 As secondary instrument 4 Sources

Historical oboists

Baroque period 1600-1760

"Danse des Nymphes" tapestry detail - Gobelins manufactory, 1687

• Francesco Barsanti (1690-1772), Italian * (composer)
• Alessandro Besozzi (1702-1793), Italian *
• Antonio Besozzi (1707-1781), Italian *
• Christoforo Besozzi (1661-1725), Italian *
• Giuseppe Besozzi (1686-1760), Italian *
• Paolo Girolamo Besozzi (1704-1778), Italian *
• Mateo Bissoli (Bisioli) (c.1711-1780), Italian
• Esprit Philippe Chédeville (1696-1762), French *
• Nicolas Chédeville (1705-1782), French *
• Pierre Chédeville (1694-1725), French *
• Michel Danican dit Philidor (1580-1651), French
• André Danican Philidor (c.1652-1730), French * (music librarian)
• Jean Danican Philidor (ca.1620-1679), French
• John Ernest Galliard (c. 1675-1747), German *
• Johann Caspar Gleditsch (1684-1747), German ("Bach\'s oboist")
• Peter Glösch (c.1685-1754), German [1]
• Jean Hotteterre (c.1610-1691), French * (instrument maker)
• Martin Hotteterre (1635-1712), French * (instrument maker)
• Nicolas Hotteterre (1637-1694), French *
• Jean Christian Kytch (died c.1738), Dutch ("Handel\'s oboist")
• Johann François La Riche (1662-after 1733), Flemish * [2]
• Jacques Loeillet (1685-1748), Flemish *
• Jean-Baptiste Loeillet (1680-1730), Flemish *
• Jacques Paisible (c.1656-1721), French
• José Pla (1728-1762), Spanish *
• Juan Bautista Pla (c.1720-after 1773), Spanish *
• Manuel Pla (c.1725-1766), Spanish *
• Giovanni Benedetto Platti (1697-1763), Italian * [3]
• Johann Christian Richter (1689-1744), German [4]
• Jacob Riehman (c.1680-1729), Dutch *
• Giuseppe Sammartini (1695-1750), Italian *
• Ignatz Sieber (Ignazio Siber) (c.1680-c.1760), German-Italian ("Vivaldi\'s oboist")
• Georg Philipp Telemann (1681-1767), German composer
• Roberto Valentine (1674-c.1740), English * (composer) [5]

Classical period 1730-1820

• Sante Aguilar (c.1734-1808), Italian [6]
• Christian Samuel Barth (1735-1809), German *
• Philip Barth (1774-1804), Danish *
• Georg Benda (1722-1795), Czech * (composer)
• Carlo Besozzi (1738-1791), Italian *
• Gaetano Besozzi (1725-1794), Italian * [7]
• Friedrich Braun (1759-1824), German *
• Josef Czerwenka (1759-1835), Czech-Austrian ("Beethoven\'s oboist")
• Georg Druschetzky (1745-1819), Czech * [8]
• Giuseppe Ferlendis (1755-1810), Italian * [9]
• Pietro Ferlendis (1748-1836), Italian
• Josef Fiala (1749-1816), Czech * ("Mozart\'s oboist 1")
• Johann Christian Fischer (1733-1800), German * [10]
• Joseph François Garnier (1755-1825), French *
• Michel Joseph Gebauer (1763-1812), French *
• William Herschel (1738-1822), German (astronomer)
• François Jadin (1731-1790), French *
• Carl Khym (1770-after 1819), Czech *
• Ludwig August Lebrun (1746-1790), German *
• Ignace Malzat (1757-1804), Austrian *
• Domenico Mancinelli (c.1723-1804), Italian *
• John Parke (1745-1829), English *
• William Thomas Parke (1762-1847), English *
• Giuseppe Prota (1737-1807), Italian *
• Friedrich Ramm (1744-1813), German ("Mozart\'s oboist 2") [11]
• François Alexandre Antoine Sallantin (1755-1830?), French *
• Johann Friedrich Schröter (1724-1811), German *
• Charles J. Suck (c. 1760-c.1808), English *
• Philipp Teimer (1767-c.1817), Bohemian (English horn)
• Georg Triebensee (1746-1813), Bohemian *
• Joseph Triebensee (1772-1846), Bohemian * (composer)
• Thomas Vincent (musician) (1720-1783), English *
• Johann Went (1745-1801), Bohemian *

Romantic period 1815-1910

• Apollon Barret (1804-1879), French * [12]
• Christian Frederik Barth (1787-1861), Danish *
• Richard Baumgärtel (1858-1941), German
• Félix-Charles Berthélemy (1829-1868), French
• Carl A.P. Braun (1788-1835), German *
• Wilhelm Braun (1796-1867), German *
• Henri Brod (1799-1839), French * [13]
• Baldassare Centroni (c.1784-1860), Italian ("Rossini\'s oboist")
• Charles Colin (1832-1881), French [14]
• Grattan Cooke (1808-1889), English [15]
• Giovanni Daelli (c.1800?-1860), Italian
• Franz Wilhelm Ferling (1796-1874), German [16]
• Anton Flad (1775-1850), German [17]
• Georges Gillet (1854-1920), French * [18]
• Joseph Gungl (1810-1889), Hungarian * (conductor)
• Johann Peter Heuschkel (1773-1853), German *
• Desiré Alfred Lalande (1866-1904), French *
• Antoine Joseph Lavigne (1816-1886), French
• Johann Heinrich Luft (1813-1877), German [19]
• William Malsch (1855-1924), English *
• Carlo Paessler (1774-1865), Italian
• Giovanni Paggi (1806-1887), Italian *
• Antonio Pasculli (1842-1924), Italian * (the "Paganini of the oboe") [20]
• Charles Reynolds (1843-1916), English
• Friedrich Ruthardt (1800-1862), German
• Adolf Rzepko (1825-1892), Polish *
• Joseph Sellner (1787-1843), Austrian [21]
• Pedro Soler (1810-1850), Spanish
• Friedrich-Eugen Thurner (1785-1827), German [22]
• Charles Triébert (1810-1867), French *
• Frédéric Triébert (1813-1878), French * (instrument maker) [23]
• Raoul Triébert (1845-c.1894), French *
• Louis-Auguste Vény (1801-after 1848), French
• Stanislas Verroust (1814-1863), French [24]
• Gustave Vogt (1781-1870), French *
• Friedrich Westenholz (1778-1840), German *
• Carlo Yvon (1798-1854), Italian [25]

20th Century (born before 1910 or died before 1990)

Marcel Tabuteau in 1915

• Alfred Barthel (1871-1957), French [26]
• Louis Bas (1863-1944), French
• Etienne Baudo (1903-2001), French [27]
• Louis Bleuzet (1871-1941), French
• Robert Bloom (1908-1994), American * [28]
• Joy Boughton (1913-1963), English [29]
• Leonard Brain (1915-1975), English *
• Henri de Busscher (1880-1975), Belgian * [30]
• Jacques Chambon (1932-1984), French
• Janet Craxton (1929-1981), English * [31]
• William Criss (1921-1984), American [32]
• Albert Debondue (1895-1984), French
• Antonio Estévez (1916-1988), Venezuelan * (composer)
• Alvin Etler (1913-1973), American * (composer)
• Svend Christian Felumb (1898-1972), Danish
• Fritz Flemming (1872/3-1947), German
• Fernand Gillet (1882-1980), French [33]
• Harold Gomberg (1916-1985), American *
• Leon Goossens (1897-1988), English *
• František Hanták (1910-1990), Czech *
• Hans Kamesch (1901-1975), Austrian
• Rudolf Kempe (1910-1976), German * (conductor)
• Bruno Labate (1883-1968), Italian [34]
• Roland Lamorlette (1894-1960), French
• Alfred Laubin (1906-1976), American (instrumentmaker)
• Georges Longy (1868-1930), French * [35]
• Terence MacDonagh (1908-1986), British [36]
• Josef Marx (1913-1978), German-American * [37]
• Robert Mayer (1910-1994), American [38]
• Karl Mayrhofer (1927-1976), Austrian [39]
• Myrtile Morel (1889-1979), French [40]
• Florian Mueller (1904-1983), American [41]
• Giuseppe Prestini (1875-1955), Italian [42]
• Jürg Schaeftlein (1929-1986), Austrian * [43]
• Riccardo Scozzi (1878-1955), Italian [44]
• Harry Shulman (1916-1971), American [45]
• William Grant Still (1895-1978), American * (composer)
• Václav Smetáček (1906-1986), Czech * (conductor)
• Robert Sprenkle (1914-1988), American
• Haakon Stotijn (1915-1964), Dutch *
• Jaap Stotijn (1891-1970), Dutch * [46]
• František Suchý (1902-1977), Czech
• Marcel Tabuteau (1887-1966), French/American *
• Alexander Wunderer (1877-1955), Austrian

Contemporary classical oboists

A-B

• David Abosch (born 1928), American
• Satu Ala (born 1967), Finnish
• John Anderson (born 1954), English [47]
• Rhadames Angelucci (1915-1991), American [48]
• Max Artved (born 1965), Danish
• Robert Atherholt (born c.1955), American [49]
• Evelyn Barbirolli (born Evelyn Rothwell), (1911-2008), English * [50]
• Theodore Baskin (born 1950), American
• Perry Bauman (born 1918), American-Canadian [51]
• William Bennett (born 1956), American [52]
• León Biriotti (born 1929), Uruguayan *
• Neil Black (born 1932), English
• Jonathan Blumenfeld, American [53]
• Robert Botti, (born 1956), American [54]
• Gianfranco Bortolato (born 1964), Italian [55]
• Maurice Bourgue (born 1939), French *
• Peter Bowman, American [56]
• Douglas Boyd (born 1960), Scottish [57]
• Neil Boyer, American
• Peter Bree (born 1949), Dutch [58]
• Kim Bryden, American [59]
• Lon Bussell (born 1958), American

Michelle Barnett young oboist ? - ?

C-E

• Germán Cáceres (born 1954), Salvadorian *
• Sandro Caldini (born 1958), Italian
• James Caldwell (1938-2006), American [60]
• Anthony Camden (1938-2006), English [61]
• Robin Canter, English
• Elizabeth Camus, American
• Jean-Louis Capezzali (born 1959), French [62]
• Stephen Caplan, American [63]
• Robert Casier (born 1924), French
• Juan Castillo (born 1960), Panamenian -
• Joseph Celli (born 1944), American *
• Brian Charles (born c. 1956), American (reedmaker)
• Manfred Clement (1934-2001), German
• Fredric T. Cohen (born 1948), American [64]
• Roger Cole, American [65]
• Peter Cooper, American [66]
• Christopher Cowie, Welsh [67]
• Jeffrey Crellin, Australian [68]
• Christopher Crosby, English
• Jill Crowther, English [69]
• Nicholas Daniel (born 1962), English
• Barry Davis (born 1948, English [70]
• Jan De Maeyer (born 1949), Belgian (composer) [71]
• John Dee, American [72]
• Simon Dent (born c.1950), English-born German
• Paolo Di Cioccio (1963), Italian
• Francesco Di Rosa (born 1967), Italian [73]
• Diego Dini Ciacci, Italian [74]
• Jonathan Dlouhy, American [75]
• Diana Doherty (born 1966), Australian
• Elaine Douvas (born c. 1952), American
• Stuart Edward Dunkel, American
• Kevin England (born 1959), English
• Kimberly Everett,(born 1988) American
• Niels Eje (born 1954), Danish [76]

F-H

• Lothar Faber (born 1922), German
• John Ferrillo, American
• Sarah Francis (born 1938), English *
• Simon Fuchs (born 1961), Swiss [77]
• Martin Gabriel (born 1956), Austrian
• Thomas Gallant, American
• Bert Gassman (1911-2004), American [78]
• Martin Gebhardt, Swiss [79]
• Alfred Genovese, American [80]
• Ariana Ghez (born 1979), American [81]
• Burkhard Glaetzner (born 1943), German [82]
• Albert Goltzer (born c.1920), American [83]
• Ralph Gomberg (1921-2006), American *
• Paul Goodey, English [84]
• Ingo Goritzki (born 1939), German [85]
• Peter Graeme (born 1921), English
• Kathryn Greenbank, American [86]
• Laszlo Hadady (born 1956), Hungarian [87]
• Charles Hamann (born 1971), Canadian [88]
• Steinar Hannevold (born 1952), Norwegian [89]
• Erin Hannigan, American [90]
• Earnest Harrison (1918-2005), American E.
• Werner Herbers (born 1940), Dutch [91]
• Brynjar Hoff (born 1940), Norwegian [92]
• Heinz Holliger (born 1939), Swiss *
• Bernd Holz, German [93]
• Christian Hommel (born 1963), German [94]
• Masashi Honma (born 1947), Japanese
• Helmut Hucke (born 1929), German
• Gordon Hunt (born 1950), English [95]

I-L

• Althea Ifeka, Nigerian-English [96]
• Thomas Indermühle (born 1951), Swiss [97]
• Jennet Ingle, American [98]
• Eugene Izotov (born 1973), Russian-American
• Helén Jahren (born 1959), Swedish [99]
• Brian James (born 1977), American/Canadian [100]
• Arthur Jensen (born 1925), American [101]
• Richard Kanter (born 1934), American
• Melvin Kaplan (born 1929), American
• Manfred Kautzky, Austrian
• Jonathan Kelly (born 1969), British
• Richard Killmer, American [102]
• Nancy Ambrose King, American [103]
• Dimitris Kitsos (born 1971), Greek [104]
• Alex Klein (born 1964), Brazilian
• Merilee Klemp, American [105]
• Elizabeth Koch (born 1986), American
• Lothar Koch (1935-2003), German *
• Cynthia Koledo de Almeida, American
• Yeon-Hee Kwak (born c. 1969), Korean [106]
• John de Lancie (1921-2002), American *
• Vladimir Lande (born 1962), Russian [107]
• André Lardrot (born 1932), Swiss
• François Leleux (born 1971), French [108]
• Lajos Lencsés (born 1943), Hungarian [109]
• Marc Lifschey (1926-2000), American [110]
• Jay Light, American
• Leland Lincoln (1921-1991), American
• Michael Lisicky (born 1936), American
• Sandra Gerster Lisicky (born 1938), American
• Roger Lord (born 1924), English
• Humbert Lucarelli (born 1937), American [111]

M-P

• Jana Macakova,(born 1946), Czech [112]
• Stanislav Macak sen.,(born 1947), Slovak [113]
• Stanislav Macak jun.,(born 1979), Slovak [114]
• John Mack (1927-2006), American
• Charles Mackerras (born 1925), Australian
• Jean-Claude Malgoire (born 1940), French
• Arno Mariotti (1911-1993), German-born American [115]
• Jane Marvine, American [116]
• James Mason (born 1952), American/Canadian [117]
• Albrecht Mayer (born 1965), German
• Mark McEwen, Canadian [118]
• Malcolm Messiter (born 1949), English [119]
• Mitch Miller (born 1911), American (singer)
• Fumiaki Miyamoto (born 1949), Japanese
• Patricia Morehead, American [120]
• Katherine Needleman (born 1978), American
• Celia Nicklin, English [121]
• Bjørn Carl Nielsen (born 1945), Danish
• Alf Nilsson (born 1940), Swedish
• David Nuttall (born 1956), Australian [122]
• Christopher O\'Neal (born 1953), British [123]
• Eric Ohlsson, American [124]
• Alexei Ogrintchouk (born 1978), Russian [125]
• Pauline Oostenrijk (born 1967), Dutch [126]
• Mark Ostoich, American [127]
• Emily Pailthorpe (born c.1971), American [128]
• Didier Pateau, French [129]
• Jennifer (Irene) Paull, (born 1944), English [130]
• Pamela Pecha (born 1951), American
• Louise Pellerin, Canadian [131]
• Pierre Pierlot (born 1921), French [132]
• Carolyn Pollak (born 1947), American
• Nora Post (born 1949), American [133]
• Ivan Pushetchnikov (born 1918), Russian [134]

R-S

• Wayne Rapier (1930-2005), American [135]
• Jeffrey Rathbun (born 1959), American
• Elizabeth Raum (born 1945), Canadian * [136]
• Christopher Redgate (born 1956), English [137]
• Juozas Rimas (born 1942), Lithuanian
• Joseph Robinson (born 1940), American *
• Carlo Romano (born 1954), Italian [138]
• Ernest Rombout (born 1959), Dutch [139]
• Ronald Roseman (1933-2000), American [140]
• Edwin Roxburgh (born 1937), English *
• Andrey Rubtsov (born 1982), Russian [141]
• Telena Ruth (born 1957), Australian [142]
• Francisco Salanova , Spanish
• Harry Sargous (born 1948), American [143]
• Hansjorg Schellenberger (born 1948), German [144]
• Bernard Schenkel (born 1941), Swiss [145]
• Bart Schneemann (born 1954), Dutch [146]
• Stefan Schilli (born 1970), German
• Gernot Schmalfuss, German
• Martin Schuring, American
• Lawrence Singer (born 1940), American
• Jerry Sirucek (1922-1996), American [147]
• Koen van Slogteren (1922-1995), Dutch [148]
• Jonathan Small (born 1956), English [149]
• Peter Smith, American
• Robert Sorton (born 1952), American [150]
• Jan Spronk, Dutch
• Karl Steins (born 1919), German
• Cynthia Steljes (1960-2006), Canadian [151]
• Ray Still (born 1920), American [152]
• Daniel Stolper (born TBD), American
• Laila Storch (born 1921), American
• Linda Strommen (born 1957), American [153]
• Matt Sullivan, American [154]
• Sidney Sutcliffe (1918-2001), Scottish [155]

T-Z

• Jiri Tancibudek (1921-2004), Czech [156]
• Stephen Taylor (born 1949), American [157]
• Jouko Teikari (born 1938), Finnish
• David Theodore (born 1948), Welsh [158]
• Giuseppe Tomassini (1915-1987), Italian
• Elena Troncone,venezuelan italianwww.elenatroncone.tk

[159]

• Joseph Turner, American
• Jacques Tys, French [160]
• Alexei Utkin (born 1957), Russian [161]
• Piet Van Bockstal (born 1963), Belgian [162]
• Joris Van den Hauwe, Belgian
• Jacques Vandeville, French
• Luca Vignali (born c.1962), Italian [163]
• Allan Vogel (born 1944), American [164]
• Han de Vries (born 1941), Dutch * [165]
• Edo de Waart (born 1941), Dutch * (conductor)
• Keisuke Wakao, Japanese [166]
• David Walter (born 1958), French [167]
• Liang Wang (born 1980), Chinese
• Lois Wann (1912-1999), American
• Richard Weigall, English [168]
• David Weiss (born 1947), American [169]
• Helmut Winschermann (born 1920), German (conductor) [170]
• Andreas Wittmann (born 1961), German
• Tytus Wojnowicz (born 1965), Polish
• Richard Woodhams (born 1949), American
• Renato Zanfini, Italian [171]
• Omar Zoboli (born c. 1951), Italian [172]*Marilyn Zupnik, American

Oboists best known for playing English horn

Anonymous English horn player

• Engelbert Brenner (1904-1986), American [173]
• Geoffrey Browne, English [174]
• Harry Freedman (1922-2005), Canadian (composer)
• Julie Ann Giacobassi (born 1949), American [175]
• Marc Gordon, American [176]
• Hans Hadamowsky (1906-1996), Austrian [177]
• Peter Henkelman (1882-1949), Dutch [178]
• Carolyn Hove, American [179]
• Felix Kraus (1930-2006), American [180]
• Leo van der Lek (1908-1999), Dutch [181]
• John Minsker (1912-2007), American [182]
• Christine Pendrill, English [183]
• Louis Rosenblatt (born 1928), American [184]
• Robert Sheena, (born 1961), American
• Louis Speyer (1890-1970), French
• Thomas Stacy (born 1938), American * [185]
• Paul Taillefer (born 1912), French
• Dominik Wollenweber (born 1967), German

Oboists best known for playing period instruments

• John Abberger (born 1957), American [186]
• Katharina Arfken, German [187]
• Alfredo Bernardini (born 1961), Italian [188]
• Ulf Bjurenhed (born 1956), Swedish
• Frank de Bruine, Dutch [189]
• Geoffrey Burgess (born 1960s), Australian ([190]
• Paul Dombrecht (born 1948), Belgian [191]
• Ku Ebbinge (born 1948), Dutch *
• Paul Goodwin (born 1956), English * [192]
• Stephen Hammer (born 1951), American [193]
• Bruce Haynes (born 1942), American *
• Washington McClain, American [194]
• Sophia McKenna, English?
• Giuseppe Nalin (born 1950s), Italian [195]
• Michel Piguet (1932-2004), Swiss *
• Marcel Ponseele (born 1957), Belgian [196]
• David Reichenberg (1950-1987), American * [197]
• Hugo Reyne (born 1961), French [198]
• Anthony Robson (born 1955), English [199]
• Gonzalo Xavier Ruiz (born 1964), Argentine [200]
• Marc Schachman, American [201]
• Martin Stadler (born c.1961), Swiss [202]

Oboists performing primarily outside classical genres

As primary instrument

• David Agnew (born ca. 1961), Irish - Celtic
• Kyle Bruckmann (born 1971), American - free improvisation
• Lindsay Cooper (born 1951), English - art rock
• Jean-Luc Fillon, French - jazz
• Caroline Glass, Canadian - alternative rock [203]
• Karl Jenkins (born 1944), Welsh * - jazz
• Mick Karn (born 1958), British - rock
• Robbie Lynn Hunsinger, American - jazz
• Paul McCandless (born 1947), American * - jazz
• Ben Meiklejohn (born 1971), American - rock
• Janey Miller, British – “new noise”[204]
• Manuel Munzlinger, German - pop/jazz
• Nancy Rumbel, American - new age
• Brenda Schuman-Post (born 1948), American - world, jazz [205]
• Sonny Simmons (born 1933), American - jazz
• Kate St John (born 1957), English – art rock, pop
• Caris Visentin Liebman, American - jazz

As secondary instrument

• Marshall Allen (born 1924), American - jazz (saxophonist)
• Derek Bell (1935-2002), Northern Irish - folk (harpist)
• Garvin Bushell (1902-1991), American - jazz (all reeds)
• Gene Cipriano (born 1930s), American - jazz, pop (all woodwinds)
• Bob Cooper (1925-1993), American - jazz (saxophone)
• Vinny Golia (born 1946), American - jazz (all woodwinds)
• Joseph Jarman (born 1937), American - jazz (clarinet, saxophone)
• Rahsaan Roland Kirk (1936-1977), American - jazz (multi-instrumentalist)
• Yusef Lateef (born 1920), American - jazz (saxophonist, flutist)
• Andy Mackay (born 1946), English - art rock (saxophonist)
• Charlie Mariano (born 1923), American - jazz (saxophonist)
• Makanda Ken McIntyre (1931-2001), American - jazz (saxophonist)
• Roscoe Mitchell (born 1940), American - jazz (saxophonist)
• Romeo Penque, American – jazz (all woodwinds)
• Dewey Redman (1931-2006), American - jazz (saxophone, suona)
• Don Redman (1900-1964), American - jazz (clarinet, saxophone)
• Sufjan Stevens (born 1975), American - indie rock (multi-instrumentalist)
• Kjartan Sveinsson (born 1978), Icelandic - post-rock (keyboardist)
• Joe Viola (1920-2001), American - jazz (saxophonist)

Sources

• The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
• International Double Reed Society website
• The repertory of the oboe soloist in the 19th century
• David Lasocki "The French Hautboy in England, 1673-1730" Early Music 16(3) 339-357
• Alfredo Bernardini "The Oboe in the Venetian Republic, 1692-1797" Early Music 16(3) 372-387
• Janet K. Page "The Hautboy in London\'s Musical Life, 1730-1770" Early Music 16(3) 358-371
• Bruce Haynes "Mozart and the Oboe" Early Music 20(1) 43-63
• Geoffrey Burgess and Bruce Haynes (2004) The oboe (The Yale Musical Instrument Series)

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